| 43

Pensar Enfermagem / v.28 n.01 / May 2024

DOI: 10.56732/pensarenf.v28i1.309

Quantitative Original Article

How to cite this article: da Costa JR, Silva MMO, Neto JC, Lopes MSV, Albuquerque GA. Profile of

violence perpetrated by adolescents. Pensar Enf [Internet]. 2024 May; 28(1): 43-49. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.56732/pensarenf.v28i1.309

Profile of violence perpetrated by adolescents

Abstract

Introduction

Violence is a significant social issue within both domestic and community settings,

impacting children and adolescents through physical, psychological, and sexual abuse,

neglect, and commercial exploitation, all linked to power dynamics.

Objective

To describe the profile of violence perpetrated by adolescents.

Method

This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from April to June 2019 with 155

adolescents. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using the BioEstat 5.3

program. The study was approved under protocol number 3.203.080.

Results

Most participants were female, aged 14 to 18, heterosexual, single, Catholic, and studied in

the morning. The main perpetrators were girls (51; 57.9%), with physical violence being the

most common form (34; 65.4%). There was a significant association (p<0.0001) between

psychological/physical violence and the victim's age between 10 and 19; and

psychological/physical violence and the school environment.

Conclusion

Violence is prevalent in the daily lives of adolescents, underscoring the need for preventive

actions in social spaces and the monitoring of risk factors to effectively address it.

Keywords

Adolescent Health; Adolescent Behavior; Violence; Exposure to Violence.

José Ronildo da Costa1

orcid.org/0000-0002-2730-6320

Mauro Mccarthy de Oliveira Silva2

orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-7760

João Cruz Neto3

orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-2988

Maria do Socorro Vieira Lopes4

orcid.org/0000-0003-1335-5487

Grayce Alencar Albuquerque5

orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-0619

1 Master in Family Health. Universidade Regional do

Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil.

2 Master in Nursing. Universidade Regional do Cariri,

Crato, Ceará, Brazil.

3 PhD student. Master in Nursing. Universidade

Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.

4 Doctor in Nursing. Universidade Regional do Cariri,

Crato, Ceará, Brazil.

5 Doctor in Health Sciences. Universidade Regional do

Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil.

Corresponding author:

João Cruz Neto

Email: enfjcncruz@gmail.com

Received: 06.01.2024

Accepted: 17.04.2024

44 | Neto, J.

Quantitative Original Article

Introduction

Globally, approximately 2.5% of all deaths are because of

violence, with thousands suffering from non-fatal violence

each day.1-2 This issue accounts for over a million deaths

annually worldwide, making it the fourth leading cause of

death among individuals aged 15 to 44 years.3 In Brazil,

children and adolescents are often the primary victims.4

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

violence against children and adolescents includes physical,

psychological, and sexual abuse, neglect, and commercial

exploitation, typically occurring in contexts of responsibility,

trust, and/or power.5 The primary setting for such violence

against this group is at home, perpetrated by family

members.

The issue of violence against this demographic is

increasingly visible and has been widely discussed in recent

years across various sectors of society, aiming to understand

and identify the factors driving it6 and the conditions that

place adolescents in three different roles regarding violence:

as perpetrators, victims, or witnesses, with a significant

portion being perpetrators.7

Adolescent-perpetrated violence is regarded as a

contemporary social phenomenon directly linked to social

inequalities, with cultural and relational aspects. A study

conducted with 239 students in Salvador, Bahia, revealed

that 60% had been victims of domestic violence. As a result

of such victimization, adolescents exhibited aggressive

behaviors, engaged in violent acts, and used alcohol and

illicit substances.8

In Latin American countries, the perpetration of violence

among males aged 13 to 24 is reported at 23%, often

associated with physical and emotional violence by

caregivers.9 Within the family environment, adolescents

perpetrate 12% of physical violence, and approximately

16% are both victims and perpetrators. This behavior is

routinely reproduced, motivated by the use of both licit and

illicit drugs, especially from the age of 16 onwards, when

they begin to engage in party activities.10

Consequently, experiencing violent episodes within the

family setting directly influences adolescents to perpetrate

such behavior across various social circles, including

schools, where they often consider it normal and acceptable

to use violence as a misguided tool for conflict resolution, a

coercive act, or oppression.11 Given such context, this study

aimed to describe the profile of violence perpetrated by

adolescents.

Method

This was a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted

from April to June 2019 at a public high school in the

municipality of Picos, state of Piauí (PI), Brazil. At the time

of data collection, the school had 477 regularly enrolled

students across elementary and high school levels,

attending morning and evening sessions, of whom 254

were high school students only. The sample size was

calculated using the finite population formula, targeting a

5% margin of error, a 95% confidence level, and an

estimated prevalence of 50%, which resulted in a sample

size of 155 adolescents.

In line with the definition of adolescence by the Statute of

the Child and Adolescent (ECA), the inclusion criterion for

adolescent participation was being aged between 12 and 18

years. The exclusion criterion was the absence of the

adolescents from the school on the days when data

collection occurred.

Following approval for the research from the school

administration, a nominal list of enrolled adolescents was

requested, defining the classes and periods for conducting

the study according to pre-established research criteria.

Permission for the researcher to enter the classrooms was

granted after a preliminary meeting with the school's

teaching staff, during which the project was presented and

the dates for data collection were scheduled.

During the presentation phase of the research objectives,

the students who agreed signed the Informed Assent Form,

and their guardians signed the Informed Consent Form,

granting permission to conduct the research. Finally,

questionnaires were administered on the scheduled days

and times.

The questionnaire, developed by the authors, encompassed

questions about the adolescents' living conditions and the

violence they perpetrated. This quantitative data collection

tool was divided into four sections: (i) socioeconomic

data—including questions about age, education level,

family income, number of family members, race/ethnicity,

sexual orientation, religion, and marital status; (ii) physical

violence; (iii) psychological violence; and (iv) sexual

violence. The sections on violence contained questions

related to the perpetration of these types of violence

concerning the sex and age of the victim, the location of

occurrence, and the frequency of alcohol consumption by

the adolescents.

The quantitative data collected were organized in Microsoft

Office Excel 2010 and later analyzed with the aid of the

BioEstat 5.3 program. This software facilitated the

description of the absolute and relative frequencies of the

study variables, as well as the analysis of associations

between predictor and outcome variables. The G-test with

Williams Correction at a significance level of 0.05

determined the independence between these variables. This

non-parametric test, similar to the Chi-Squared test, is used

as a substitute when the latter does not meet the necessary

conditions for its application. The Williams Correction

aims to provide a closer approximation to the Chi-Squared

test.

The Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the

Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA) approved the

study under number 3.203.080. The questionnaires were

numbered from 1 to 155 in the order they were received,

ensuring the confidentiality of the information provided.

Results

The study included 155 adolescents. Of these, 94 (60.9%)

were female and 61 (39.1%) were male, aged between 14

and 18 years, with those aged 16 years (N = 43; 27.7%)

being particularly notable.

Pensar Enfermagem / v.28 n.01 / May 2024 | 45

DOI: 10.56732/pensarenf.v28i1.309

Quantitative Original Article

The majority (132; 85.2%) were enrolled in morning

sessions, 86 (55.5%) were of mixed race, 143 (92.2%) were

heterosexual, 116 (74.8%) owned their homes, 96 (61.9%)

were single, 124 (80%) were Catholic, with an average

family income of one minimum wage (88; 56.8%), and with

up to two to four siblings (98; 63.2%). Regarding the

violence perpetrated, 88 (56.7%) revealed they had

practiced violence at least once. The male sex was the major

perpetrator of psychological violence (19; 54.3%) and the

female sex of physical violence (34; 65.4%).

A significant association was found between committing

psychological and physical violence and the sex of the

victim (p < 0.0001), highlighting that males were more

frequently victims of physical violence, as shown in

Table 1.

There was also a relationship between the perpetrator's age

and the victims' ages (p < 0.0001), with victims most

commonly in the age range of 10 to 19 years for both

psychological and physical violence, as detailed in Table 2.

Regarding the location of occurrence, there is an

association between physical and psychological violence in

a school environment (p<0.0001), as shown in Table 3. As

for the relationship between committing violence and

alcohol consumption, see Table 4. There is no significant

association between the variables; however, when there is

violence, whether physical or psychological, it is estimated

to occur if there is alcohol consumption once a week.

Table 1: Association between perpetrated violence and victim's sex – Picos, PI, Brazil.

Types of violence

Not reported

Male

Female

Both sexes

p-value

Psychological

violence

Did not respond

100

< 0.0001

Practiced

22.9

28.6

8.6

Did not practice

105

97.2

1.8

0.9

Physical violence

Did not respond

100

< 0.0001

Practiced

9.6

30.8

11.5

Did not practice

93.6

2.1

4.3

Sexual violence

Did not respond

100

0.8280

Practiced

100

Did not practice

128

96.2

2.3

1.5

Table 2: Association between perpetrated violence and victim's age – Picos, PI, Brazil, 2019

Types of violence

Not reported

1 to 5 years

6 to 10 years

10 to 19 years

p-value

Psychological violence

Did not respond

100

< 0.0001

Practiced

2.9

85.7

Did not practice

104

96.3

1.8

Physical violence

Did not respond

100

< 0.0001

Practiced

1.9

3.8

80.8

Did not practice

94.7

1.0

Sexual violence

Did not respond

100

0.9992

Practiced

Did not practice

129

96.7

0.7

Discussion

The literature indicates that adolescents' involvement in

violence as perpetrators is linked to factors that directly

interfere with their social and moral development. These

include violence in the home environment, exploitation of

minors, and exposure to alcohol, drugs, trafficking, theft,

and other harmful influences.12

The data from this research highlight the problematic

nature of adolescents as perpetrators of violence, with over

half of the participants reporting they had engaged in

violence at least once. A study13 of 2,786 adolescents from

17 public schools in Mato Grosso, Brazil, found that 1,236

participants (44.36%) reported having been exposed to

violence in the roles of victim, perpetrator, and both

simultaneously.

Authors14 note the violence experienced and perpetrated by

adolescents significantly impacts their quality of life,

affecting family, friends, and the community. This can lead

to poor educational performance, risky health behaviors,

disabilities, illnesses, and even death.

46 | Neto, J.

Quantitative Original Article

Table 3: Association between perpetrated violence and location of occurrence – Picos, PI, Brazil, 2019

Types of violence

Not

reported

Residence

Public place

School

Residence

and school

Residence

and public

place

Residence,

Public

Place, and

School

Public

Place

and

School

p-value

Psychological

violence

Did not

respond

100

< 0.0001

Practiced

20.0

14.3

45.7

2.9

5.7

Did not

practice

104

96.3

0.9

Physical

violence

Did not

respond

100

0.0

< 0.0001

Practiced

3.8

26.9

15.4

28.8

15.4

1.9

3.8

Did not

practice

97.9

2.1

Sexual

violence

Did not

respond

100

0.9838

Practiced

100

Did not

practice

129

0.7

Table 4: Association between perpetrated violence and frequency of alcohol consumption – Picos, PI, Brazil, 2019.

Types of violence

Not

reported

Never

Once a

month or

less

Two to four

times a

month

Two to three

times a

week

Four or

more times a

week

p-value

Psychological

violence

Did not respond

41.6

16.7

0.7553

Practiced

31.4

8.6

48.6

8.6

2.8

Did not practice

43.5

17.6

26.9

9.3

0.9

1.8

Physical

violence

Did not respond

33.3

11.1

44.5

11.1

0.1119

Practiced

28.8

11.5

38.5

13.5

1.9

5.8

Did not practice

47.9

19.1

25.6

7.4

Sexual

violence

Did not respond

42.9

14.3

23.8

14.3

4.7

0.9797

Practiced

100

Did not practice

40.6

16.5

31.6

9.0

0.8

1.5

The higher prevalence of violent incidents among

adolescents underscores existing social inequalities in

housing, health, education, culture, and leisure. Poverty,

economic disparity, and parental unemployment are known

risk factors for youth involvement in violence.14 This was

evident in the study sample, where more than half of the

adolescent participants came from families with an income

of up to one minimum wage.

Moreover, statistics indicate that young individuals,

especially those who are black and economically

disadvantaged, are more vulnerable to deaths from external

causes and are often stigmatized for aggressive and violent

behaviors.15 Despite most study participants identifying as

mixed race (pardos), it is believed that black ancestry is

present and possibly a concealment of color is preferable,

as there is a difference in social behavior among black

people. This is because the darker the skin, the more

discrimination there is in society. Generally, these

adolescents are more likely to engage in violence as

perpetrators and victims due to their

color/race/ethnicity.16

Although females were reported as the major perpetrators

of violence in absolute numbers, this finding could relate to

the higher participation of women in the sample. The

prevalence of involvement in violent situations, whether as

aggressor or victim, is actually higher among male

adolescents. Being male is identified as a predictor of

violent responses in conflict or victimization situations.16

This could be due to societal tolerance for aggressive male

behavior, often encouraged in patriarchal cultures.17

Literature suggests that boys are more exposed to violence,

especially outside the family, making them a risk group for

witnessing, suffering, and perpetrating violent acts.18 They

often exhibit aggressive behaviors, which is why they get

involved more in fights, thefts, violent crimes, and

vandalism.19 The aggressive behavior that is more

frequently practiced by and against male adolescents is part

of constructing a masculinity that seeks social acceptance

Pensar Enfermagem / v.28 n.01 / May 2024 | 47

DOI: 10.56732/pensarenf.v28i1.309

Quantitative Original Article

through displays of virility.15 This is often supported by

greater social tolerance for violent behavior among men.11

The statement is corroborated by data from this study,

which showed male adolescents as the most frequent

victims of violence perpetrated by their peers, with the

majority of these incidents occurring in the environment

they frequent, the school.

Authors8 highlight that violence in school settings has

become a global issue with both individual and collective

health consequences. It is important to recognize that

during adolescence, victims have limited resources to avoid

or defend against aggression. Participating in physical

fights, bullying, and carrying weapons are recognized as risk

factors for violence among youth.14 Schools should be seen

as critical venues for intervention and for amplifying

control measures against violence. They are places of

learning and development where adolescents acquire social,

cultural, and hegemonic skills that they will use throughout

their lives. Additionally, schools are spaces for social

interaction where young people have direct contact with

others in their age group. This makes them suitable

locations for reducing risk behaviors related to violence.11,20

Schools, as creators of bonds, play a crucial role in

identifying violent and withdrawn behaviors. Thus,

educators commonly observe low academic performance,

aggressiveness toward peers and teachers, isolation, and

hostilities. Adolescents spend a significant part of their day

in educational settings, where high rates of violence

perpetration are recorded.20 Therefore, schools are ideal for

implementing strategies to combat these issues, requiring

collaboration with other sectors and parents/guardians.

Colombia, a school-based violence rehabilitation program

significantly reduced violence among school children.21

Similarly, a systematic review in the United States showed

that parental involvement with schools in identifying risk

behaviors led to reductions in both domestic and school

violence.22

A study8 with 239 adolescents found a statistical association

between high risk for aggression and alcohol consumption

(RP=2.26, CI: 1.25-4.11), underscoring alcohol as a

significant situational factor that can precipitate violence

among adolescents.

The reluctance to disclose alcohol use often stems from

the shame and stigma associated with it, contributing to

numerous blank responses in surveys. By facilitating violent

episodes, society and families generally hold negative

perceptions of adolescents who use licit and illicit drugs,

leading to stigmatization.23

Moreover, alcohol consumption during adolescence can

seriously impair school performance, as memory—a key

function in the learning process—can be compromised by

alcohol use.8 Excessive alcohol consumption during

adolescence raises concerns about school performance

because it often leads to a significant drop in the

effectiveness of the teaching-learning process.24 According

to the same author, adolescents who use alcohol are absent

from classes more frequently, missing out on the entire

educational process. Those who do attend classes often

exhibit drowsiness, sluggishness, and difficulties in

understanding what the teacher says.

Research suggests that brain damage, particularly in the

hippocampus, caused by alcohol use affects learning and

memory, since the hippocampus is where memories are

formed and then distributed to other brain areas.25 Damage

here can impair new memory formation, impacting learning

processes.26

Thus, the decline in school performance leads to a

reduction in self-esteem, which likely increases the risk of

further experimentation, consumption, and abuse of

psychoactive substances.

Finally, the data from this study highlight non-compliance

with public policies aimed at preventing alcohol and drug

use among adolescents. Despite legal restrictions on selling

alcoholic beverages to those under 18 in Brazil, as per Law

13.106 of March 17, 2015,27 alcohol often serves as a

gateway to more abusive use and initiation into illicit drug

consumption,28 as well as involvement in violent episodes.

This requires societies to develop effective prevention

strategies targeting this demographic.

In conclusion, the results demonstrate that adolescents

often perpetrate violence against their peers, particularly in

social settings like schools that facilitate interaction. Thus,

schools emerge as strategic locations for addressing this

issue, as they enable the identification and intervention of

risk factors related to violence among adolescents, fostering

the implementation of control measures such as preventive

and educational actions and a culture of peace.8

Conclusion

The study revealed that adolescents frequently engage in

acts of violence, particularly affecting their peers and

manifesting within the school environment. These young

individuals are subject to vulnerability factors both within

and beyond the family context, with their involvement in

violent acts yielding behavioral effects that can be

detrimental throughout their lives.

A significant representation of females in the sample

indicates a relationship between this group and the practice

of physical violence. This finding underscores the need for

new, in-depth approaches to the subject, employing

matched samples to better understand the apparent

relationships highlighted by this research.

Although the study presents important findings, it is

constrained by limited access to scientific data focusing on

violence perpetrated by adolescents. This lack of data

underlines the necessity of further research, which would

allow for a comprehensive analysis of the factors associated

with this harm, as well as its manifestations and

implications in the short, medium, and long term.

Authors’ Contributions

Costa, JR: Conception and design of the study; Data

collection; Data analysis and interpretation; Statistical

analysis; Drafting and critical review of the manuscript.

Silva, MMO: Drafting and critical review of the manuscript.

Cruz Neto, J: Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting

and critical revision of the manuscript.

 
 
 
 
 
 
48 |   Neto, J.     
            
Quantitative Original Article 
Lopes, MSV: Drafting and critical review of the manuscript. 
Albuquerque,  GA:  Conception  and  design  of  the  study, 
Drafting and critical review of the manuscript. 
 
Conflicts of Interest and Funding 
No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors. 
 
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